Analysis of Difference between Criminal Conspiracy and Conspiracy by Abetment

October 23, 2023

Analysis of Difference between Criminal Conspiracy and Conspiracy by Abetment

This article has been written by Yash Tated

Abstract

Criminal conspiracy refers to an agreement between two or more people to commit a criminal act or a series of criminal acts. In contrast, conspiracy by abetment occurs when one person intentionally aids, instigates, or encourages another person to commit a criminal act. The main difference between the 2 is that the level of involvement of the conspirators. In criminal conspiracy, all participants are actively involved in planning and executing the criminal act, whereas in conspiracy by abetment, one person is actively involved in planning and another person carries out the criminal act. Another key difference is that the level of punishment for every offense. Criminal conspiracy is usually considered a more serious offense and carries heavier penalties than conspiracy by abetment. In conclusion, while both criminal conspiracy and conspiracy by abetment involve an agreement between two or more people to commit a criminal act, the extent of involvement and therefore the severity of the penalties differ between the 2 offences.

Introduction

Conspiracy may be a criminal offense that involves an agreement between two or more people to commit a criminal act. However, there are differing types of conspiracy, and two of the foremost common types are criminal conspiracy and conspiracy by abetment. While these two offenses share some similarities, there also are important differences that are worth exploring. This paper aims to supply a summary of the difference between criminal conspiracy and conspiracy by abetment. it’ll explore the key elements of every offense, including the extent of involvement required, the kinds of penalties involved, and therefore the legal implications of every offense. By understanding the differences between these two sorts of conspiracy, readers will gain a far better understanding of how the criminal justice system operates and the way criminal cases are prosecuted.

Details of the Topic

Conspiracy is an agreement between two or more people to carry out an unlawful act. However, the Indian Penal Code (IPC) distinguishes between two differing types of conspiracy:

“Criminal Conspiracy and Conspiracy by Abetment”.

Criminal Conspiracy (Section 120A)

Criminal Conspiracy is defined under Section 120A of the Indian Penal Code. According to this section, when two or more people comply with do an illegal act, or an act that’s not illegal by illegal means, then they’re said to possess committed criminal conspiracy. In other words, criminal conspiracy is an agreement between two or more people to carry out an unlawful act. The act needn’t be committed, but it’s the agreement itself that’s punishable. The punishment for criminal conspiracy is imprisonment for a term which will extend up to 2 years, or with a fine, or both.

Essentials of Conspiracy

Object to be accompanied
Plan to Accomplish
Agreement between two persons to accomplish the object herein

Case Laws related to Criminal Conspiracy

Mulcahy v. Regina (1868)

State of Andhra Pradesh v. Ganeswara Rao (1963)

Section 120B: – Punishment for Criminal Conspiracy

Whoever may be a party to a criminal conspiracy to commit an offense punishable with death, imprisonment for all times or rigorous imprisonment for a term of two years or upwards, shall wear no express provision is formed during this code for the punishment of such a conspiracy is punished within the same manner as if he had abetted such offence.
Whoever may be a party to a criminal conspiracy aside from a criminal conspiracy, to commit an offense punishable as further said shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term not exceeding six months or with fine or with both.

Conspiracy by Abetment

Conspiracy by Abetment is defined under Section 107 of the IPC. According to this section, when one person abets another person to commit an unlawful act, and in pursuance of that abetment, they both comply with commit that act, then they’re said to possess committed conspiracy by abetment. In other words, in conspiracy by abetment, there’s an agreement between two or more people to commit an unlawful act, but one person has instigated or encouraged the opposite person to commit that act. The punishment for conspiracy by abetment is that the same because the punishment for the offence that was agreed to be committed.

Elements of Abetment

Instigating an individual to commit an act punishable, or
Engaging in any conspiracy to commit so,
Intentionally aiding to commit an offence.

Types of Abetment

Abetment by Instigation
Abetment by Conspiracy
Abetment by Intentional Aid

Section 109: – Punishment

Whoever abets any offence shall, if the act abetted is committed in consequence of the abetment, and no express provision is formed by this Code for the punishment of such abetment, be punished with the punishment provided for the offence.

Case Laws relating to Conspiracy of Abetment

Noor Mohammad Momin v. State of Maharashtra (1971)
Chitresh Kumar Chopra v. State (2009)
Tejsingh v.State of Rajasthan (1957)

Difference between Criminal Conspiracy and Conspiracy by Abetment

Conspiracy may be a process by which an agreement is entered into between two or more persons for Commission of an illegal act or doing a legal act by illegal means.
The parties’ agreements are called conspirators. Abetment may be a process by which one or more engage others for commission of an offense.
The former, who abets is named abettor, while the later who commits the offence is named the principal offender. Conspiracy is often committed by two or more.
Abetment are often committed by one or more number. Section 120 A and Section 120 B affect criminal conspiracy, Sections 107 to 120 affect abatement.
Conspiracy is one among the methods of abatement. Abatement is often committed in various methods namely instigation, conspiracy, intentional aid etc.
Conspiracy may be a substantive offence, whereas abatement isn’t a substantive offence.
The concept of criminal conspiracy has a wider jurisdiction in most cases than of abetment.
Abetment can be done in three ways whereas conspiracy is a method of abetment.

Conclusion

In conclusion, criminal conspiracy and conspiracy by abetment are two distinct sorts of criminal offenses that involve an agreement between two or more people to commit a criminal act. While both offenses share some similarities, like the necessity for an agreement to exist, they even have significant differences in terms of the extent of involvement required and therefore the severity of the penalties involved. Criminal conspiracy typically involves all participants actively planning and executing the criminal act, while conspiracy by abetment involves one person actively planning and another person completing the criminal act. The penalties for criminal conspiracy are generally more severe than those for conspiracy by abetment. It is important for people to know the differences between these two offenses, because it can impact their legal defence and potential outcomes during a criminal case. By understanding the nuances of every offense, individuals can better protect themselves and make informed decisions when faced with criminal charges associated with conspiracy. The penal law of India has all the required provisions that a country must have, but the execution of the same is not being conducted in the right way and lacks professionalism. The laws relating to criminal conspiracy and abetment need to be revamped so that social welfare can be easily achieved.

Reference

October 23, 2023