Introduction This 91st Amendment bill was within in one day by the Lok Sabha on 16 December 2003. Then it was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 18 December. Presidential consent was given on 1 January 2004 and the Constitution (Ninety-First Amendment) Act – 2003 was notified in the Gazette of India on 2 January…
The President in India being the head of the State has wide powers. Some of which are enlisted below – Executive Powers Military Powers Diplomatic Powers Legislative Powers Ordinance-making Power of the President EXECUTIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT The Constitution has conferred extensive executive powers on the President. The executive power of the Union of…
As a community of persons, permanently occupying a definite territory, legally independent of external control, and possessing an organized government that creates and administrates law over all persons and groups within its jurisdiction is ‘State’. According to Lasson, “The state is a community of men which possesses an organized authority as the highest source of…
29th CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT The thirty-second amendment bill, enacted as the Twenty-Ninth constitutional amendment in India’s twenty-third year as a republic, was authorized in the year 1972. In a nutshell, the 29th constitutional amendment is known for the addition of Kerala acts centering on land reforms to the ninth schedule of the Indian Constitution. It added two acts…
Article 12 of the constitution defines the state. Fundamental rights provide protection against governmental action, limiting government authority. Part III defines the term state in order to identify the authorities and instrumentalities functioning within or outside the borders of India which shall be included in the definition of state. State is defined under article 12…
The Constitution (85th Amendment) Act, which was enacted by Parliament in 2001, allows for seniority-based promotions within the government sector. The State of Himachal Pradesh issued instructions with the intention of putting the 85th Amendment to the Constitution into force. Indian Supreme Court PK Singh and 11 Others. The act was passed with the primary…
The Indian Constitution & Amendments. The Indian constitution is extremely lengthy and complex, so to keep it in line with all the current changes in the society amendments are necessary. As of 2021, a total of 105 amendments have been made to the Indian Constitution. The first-ever amendment to the constitution was made in 1950…
A Brief History 61st Amendment Act of the Constitution was passed by Rajya Sabha on 20th December 1988, to reduce the voting age from 21 to 18 years. The bill endeavoured to alter Article 326 of the Indian Structure, which administers Lok Sabha and Assemblies elections. The 61st Amendment Act, 1988 was presented within the…
The Constitution (Twenty-second Amendment) Act 1968 (Act No. 113 of 1968) was introduced on 10 December 1968 in the Lok Sabha Articles a pair of 75 and new Articles 244A and 371B in Constitution . The objective and reasons for the amendment of the act which was given by Y.B Chavan is: On September 11,…
Public interest litigation means filing an appeal or litigation in a court, for the protection of “Public Interest” for example; road safety, pollution, construction hazard, terrorism, maintenance of heritage and culture, neglected children, food adulteration, etc. meanwhile it means that any matter in which there is the interest of the public at large is afflicted…
