PROPERTY
Property is commonly described as a person’s rights in relation to an object. Legal theorists have struggled with this term for a very long time.
The same definitional issue also arises in non-Western societies. For instance, the word “property” can indicate several different things in Russian. It is sometimes used as a substitute for things, possessions, or real estate. It can also be used to refer to ownership rights. The term “property” is most correctly understood in contemporary Russia as the economic relationship between the owner of an item and all other people with respect to that thing.
Vikas Sales Corporation and Anr. … vs Commissioner of Commercial Taxes … on 1 May 1996 the phrase “property” as defined in this case states “Property” refers to the general property in things, not just a special property, states. It’s interesting to observe both of these definitions. spreading the net as widely as you can. While any type of movable object falls within the concept of “goods,” “property” is defined as including more than just special property but generally speaking, in products as well.
MORTGAGE
A mortgage is a sort of loan used to buy or maintain real estates such as a home, land, or other buildings. The borrower agrees to make payments to the lender over time, usually in the form of principal plus interest in a series of regular payments. The property then acts as security to protect the loan. In order to qualify for a mortgage, a borrower must submit an application through their preferred lender and make sure they meet a number of standards, including minimum credit scores and down payments. Prior to the closing stage, mortgage applications must undergo a thorough underwriting process. Depending on the borrower’s needs, different mortgage kinds exist, such as fixed-rate and conventional loans.
In Lachhmi Narain And Anr. vs Kalyan And Anr. on 31 July 1959, a mortgage has been defined in Section 58 of the Transfer of Property Act as the transfer of an interest in specific immovable property for the purpose of securing the payment of money advanced or to be advanced by way of loan.
HOW MORTGAGES FUNCTION
Mortgages are used by both individuals and businesses to purchase real estate without having to pay the whole purchase price upfront. The borrower pays down the loan plus interest over a predetermined period of years until they fully own the property. The majority of conventional mortgages amortize completely. This means that while the regular payment amount will remain the same, various amounts of principal and interest will be paid with each payment during the course of the loan.
MORTGAGE PROCEDURE
Potential borrowers start the process by submitting an application to one or more mortgage lenders. The borrower’s ability to repay the loan will be verified by the lender. This could include recent tax returns, bank and investment statements, and proof of ongoing employment.
The lender will offer the borrower a loan up to a specific amount with a specific interest rate if the application is approved. Pre-approval is a method that homebuyers can use to apply for a mortgage before or after deciding which property to purchase. In a competitive home market, buyers may have an advantage if they are pre-approved for a mortgage because sellers will know they have the funds to support their offer.
When a buyer and seller have reached an agreement on the terms of their transaction, they or their agents will meet at closing. This is when the borrower gives the lender their down payment. The buyer will sign any remaining mortgage documents, and the seller will transfer possession of the property to the buyer and pay the agreed-upon amount. At the closing, the lender may assess fees for originating the loan (sometimes in the form of points).
MORTGAGE OF PROPERTY IN INDIA
The English Law of Mortgage served as the inspiration for the Transfer of Property Act, of 1882. The Law of Property Act, of 1925 has altered the latter. As a result, in England, a mortgage is now referred to as a demise (lease), and the condition is now one of defeasance: When a mortgage is paid off, the period ends. Mortgage, as it is known in this country, cannot be defined better than by the term given by the legislature in Section 58 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882, as was correctly noted in the case of Gopal v. Parsotam (1883).
In the 1945 case of Kottayya v. Annapumamma, a debtor who was unable to pay the full amount of the debt gave the creditor the right to inhabit and enjoy a specific piece of land for 20 years. It was decided that the arrangement constituted a lease rather than a mortgage. “That specific fulfillment of a contract to lend money cannot be enforced is so well established and evidently such a wholesome a norm.”
ESSENTIALS OF MORTGAGE OF PROPERTY:
Transfer of Interest: The first thing to keep in mind is that a mortgage is a transfer of an interest in a particular piece of real estate. In his capacity as the property’s owner, the mortgagor holds all of its rights, and when he mortgages a property to obtain a loan, he merely transfers a portion of those interests to the mortgagee. The interest that has been transferred to the mortgagee is deducted from the mortgagor’s interest after the mortgage. Due to the interest, he gave up in favor of the mortgagee, and his ownership temporarily decreased. If the mortgagee transfers this property, the transferee will get it subject to the mortgagee’s entitlement to recover his dues, which include the principle and interest.
Specific Immovable Property: The second point is that the property must be clearly listed within the deed of conveyance. When the mortgagor said within the mortgage document, for instance, “all of my property,” the court determined that this wasn’t a mortgage. The immovable property must be clearly and explicitly described within the deed of conveyance because, in the event that the mortgagor fails to repay the debt, the court may order the sale of any specific property upon the mortgagee’s application.
It is important to specify the immovable property so as to make a mortgage thanks to the phrase “particular immovable property.” At the very least, the outline must be capable identify the item. within the case of Indian Insurance & Banking Corpn v. Paramasiva Mudaliar (1957), it absolutely was decided that machinery in a very mortgaged building doesn’t constitute a part of the protection unless it’s permanently fixed to the building for the owner’s use and benefit.
To guarantee loan repayment: the actual fact that the transaction is being done to secure the repayment of a loan or the fulfillment of an obligation that would end in financial liability is another attribute of a mortgage. it would be done to secure the repayment of a debt that has already been given, or it’d be done to urge a loan. Therefore, there’s a debt, and therefore the mortgagor and mortgagee have a debtor-creditor relationship. it’s a mortgage transaction for the fulfillment of an obligation when A borrows 100 bags of paddy from B on a mortgage and agrees to return an equal amount of paddy and an extra amount by way of interest.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, one must have a general understanding of all kinds of mortgages that are recognized in India additionally because of the fundamental components of a mortgage that ought to be kept in mind when creating a mortgage. it’s important to bear in mind the terms and circumstances of any mortgage you are taking out on the immovable property so as to forestall the transfer of your property without your permission. per the mortgage they choose, people should even be fully responsive to their rights and obligations as a mortgagor and a mortgagee.
REFERENCES:
- Mortgage & Its types under the Transfer of Property Act, 1882, https://www.lawgurus.in/mortgage-its-types-under-the-transport-of-property-act-1882/
- Property Mortgage Laws in India – IndiaFilings, https://www.indiafilings.com/learn/mortgage-laws-in-india/
- Definition of property doctypes: supremecourt, https://indiankanoon.org/search/?formInput=definition%20of%20property+doctypes:supremecourt
- Mortgage – Definition, Overview, Examples, Types & Payments, https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/finance/mortgage/
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